Fig. 4

Physiological characterization of the phenolic acids adapted S. cerevisiae strains. The effect of phenolic acids mixture on a growth rate, b glucose consumption and ethanol production and c biomass yield based glucose and theoretical yield of ethanol. Fermentation condition: 10% (v/v) inoculation in the synthetic media with 60 g/L of glucose and IC75 of mixed phenolic acids at 30 °C, agitation rate of 150 rpm for 48 h. A–K represented the adapted strains from the adaptation methods A–K incubated under above condition; PS+ and PS− represented the parental strain incubated in synthetic medium with and without IC75 of mixed phenolic acids