Table 1 Comparison of the characteristics of the fast, catalytic and HTL biocrudes

Density @ 15 °C

kg/m³

ASTM D4052

1198

1163

1169.2^a

Specific gravity 60/60F

ASTM D4052

1.197

1.164

–

Elemental analysis

 C

wt%

ASTM D5291

44.1

64.6

70.4

 H

wt%

ASTM D5291

7.5

7.3

7.44

 N

wt%

ASTM D5291^b

0.132

0.16

0.12

 S

ppm

ASTM D5453

84

360

1050^c

 O (dry basis)

wt%

In-house Elementar

35.6

16.5

14.5

Water content by Karl-Fisher

wt%

ASTM E203

23.5

9.1

8.91

Heat of combustion (net)

MJ/kg

ASTM D240

16.39

26.09

27.40

Total acid number (TAN)

mg KOH/g

ASTM D664

125

82.6

28.6

Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C

cSt

ASTM D445

20.67

236.4

503.4^d

Ash content

wt%

ASTM D482

0.013

0.93

0.61

Pyrolysis solids content

wt%

ASTM D7579

0.03

1.32

1.48

pH

pH

In-house

2.66

3.00

4.53^e

Flash point

°C

ASTM D93

50.5

< 40.0

Not detected^f

Pour point

°C

ASTM D5460

− 36

− 6

33

Aromaticity by ¹³C NMR

%

ASTM D5461

42.9

63.9

60.9

Total carbonyl

mol/kg

ASTM E3146

4.5

3.2

Not determined