Constraints and advances in high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: a critical review

Table 2 Reactor and impeller designs proposed for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass at high-solids loadings in the range of 20–40%

Design of reactor/impeller	Solids loading (w/w) (%)	Substrate	Pretreatment type	Hydrolysis yield (%)	References
Shaking flasks	20	Wheat straw	Alkaline	30	[117]
Segmented helical impeller	20	Wheat straw	Alkaline	76	[117]
Horizontal reactor	20	Big bluestem	Hydrothermal followed by ultrasonic treatment	72	[169]
Horizontal reactor	20	Corncob residue	Dilute acid followed by alkaline treatment	63.8	[104]
Peg mixer	20	Unbleached hardwood kraft pulp	–	84	[168]
Periodic peristalsis	21	Corn stover	Steam explosion	71.2	[156]
Double helical impeller	25	Corn stover	Acid steam explosion	~ 60	[166]
Horizontal reactor	25	Corn stover	Acid steam explosion	~ 65	[166]
Horizontal reactor	25	Wheat straw	Steam explosion	~ 55	[23]
Segmented Helical impeller	30	Beechwood	Organosolv	72	[117]
Peg mixer	30	Agave bagasse	Organosolv	90	[163]
Horizontal reactor	40	Wheat straw	Steam explosion	~ 35	[23]
Paddle dryer	40	Wheat straw	Steam explosion	52	[120]

ISSN: 2731-3654