Table 3 Growth rate, glucose uptake and production of ethanol, glycerol and acetate of the constructed S. cerevisiae strains under growth-decoupled (nitrogen-starved) cultivation

µ

[h⁻¹]

 ~ 0

 ~ 0

 ~ 0

 ~ 0

r_Glc

[mmol/gCDW/h]

2.07 ± 0.05

1.65 ± 0.05

(p = 0.0004)

2.85 ± 0.06

(p < 0.0001)

3.24 ± 0.16

(p = 0.0003)

q_Glc

[mmol/L/h]

1.73 ± 0.04

1.44 ± 0.02

(p = 0.0004)

2.32 ± 0.10

(p = 0.0007)

3.07 ± 0.08

(p < 0.0001)

r_Eth

[mmol/gCDW/h]

3.07 ± 0.03

2.50 ± 0.03

(p < 0.0001)

4.53 ± 0.11

(p < 0.0001)

5.71 ± 0.55

(p = 0.0011)

q_Eth

[mmol/L/h]

2.56 ± 0.07

2.19 ± 0.07

(p = 0.0033)

3.68 ± 0.17

(p = 0.0005)

5.40 ± 0.38

(p = 0.0002)

Y_Eth/Glc

[mol/mol]

1.54 ± 0.00

1.71 ± 0.04

(p = 0.0017)

1.62 ± 0.04

(p = 0.0294)

1.75 ± 0.04

(p = 0.0011)

r_Gly

[mmol/gCDW/h]

0.386 ± 0.017

0.331 ± 0.005

(p = 0.0058)

0.444 ± 0.009

(p = 0.0060)

0.490 ± 0.011

(p = 0.0008)

Y_Gly/Glc

[mol/mol]

0.172 ± 0.003

0.192 ± 0.005

(p = 0.0039)

0.138 ± 0.005

(p = 0.0006)

0.144 ± 0.002

(p = 0.0002)

r_Ac

[mmol/gCDW/h]

0.0503 ± 0.0041

0.0413 ± 0.0108

(p = 0.2506)

0.0666 ± 0.0109

(p = 0.0713)

0.0779 ± 0.0058

(p = 0.0025)

Y_Ac/Glc

[mol/mol]

0.0198 ± 0.0014

0.0228 ± 0.0041

(p = 0.2931)

0.0230 ± 0.0038

(p = 0.2309)

0.0249 ± 0.0028

(p = 0.0443)

r_ATP-NGAM

[mmol/gCDW/h]

2.88

2.33

4.31

5.47