Fig. 3

Effects of oxygen-radical treatment of vanillin on ethanol production by S. cerevisiae. Yeast was grown in YPD medium supplemented with 0 mM, 1 mM, 2.5 mM, and 5.0 mM vanillin with or without oxygen-radical treatment. After a 16-h incubation, ethanol in the culture supernatant was measured. The ethanol production by S. cerevisiae in YPD medium supplemented with 0 mM vanillin without oxygen-radical treatment was set at 100%. Error bars represent the mean ± standard error of the mean of three independent experiments