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Table 1 Scenarios from a combination of land use change, harvest season, and energy source

From: Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of ethanol produced via fermentation of sugars derived from shrub willow (Salix ssp.) hot water extraction in the Northeast United States

Scenario name

Previous land use

Biorefinery energy source

Harvest season

CBS1

Cropland

Biomass

Summer

CBW2

Cropland

Biomass

Winter

CNS3

Cropland

Natural gas

Summer

CNW4

Cropland

Natural gas

Winter

MBS3

Mixed (11.3% G and 88.7% C)

Biomass

Summer

MBW4

Mixed (11.3% G and 88.7% C)

Biomass

Winter

GBS5

Grassland

Biomass

Summer

GBW6

Grassland

Biomass

Winter

GNS7

Grassland

Natural gas

Summer

GNW8

Grassland

Natural gas

Winter

  1. The proportions on the mixed land use scenario is based on the distribution of cropland and grassland that is needed to meet the annual feedstock demand of a 255,500 Mg biorefinery