Fig. 8

Metabolic engineering for oleic acid (OA) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA). a Metabolic engineering routes for production of OA and GLA. More information on the promoters and strains are shown in Table 2. b Production titer of OA of various strains. c Production titer of GLA of various strains. All strains were cultured in GJm3 medium for 5 days in shake flasks (30 °C and 250 rpm). The numbers shown on top the column show the weight percentage of total fatty acids (%TFA) of OA (in b) or GLA (in c). ALA is the α-linolenic acid produced in wild-type strain. Error bars represent standard derivations of triplicates. Symbols “ + ” and “−” represent the presence and absence of the gene, and “ +  + ” represents the presence of two copy of the gene. d Comparison of OA and GLA yields by flask and bioreactor fermentation