Fig. 2

Effects of accumulated ions on the growth of E. gracilis. a morphological changes and relative algae cells density (NH₄Cl as nitrogen source). b Cytochrome changes in algae cells (NH₄Cl as nitrogen source). c The biomass of algae cells cultured under NH₄Cl and urea as nitrogen sources. d The Cl⁻ ions concentration. e The morphological changes and relative algae cells density (urea as a nitrogen source). f Cytochrome changes of algae cells (urea as a nitrogen source). g The salinity and h, osmolality of the medium with NH₄Cl and urea as nitrogen sources, respectively. “Folds-medium” on the x-axis in c, d, g, and h represent different multiples of PEM medium concentration. NS, asterisk, and double asterisk represent p > 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively. The values are represented by mean ± SD, where n = 3