Fig. 5

Schematic flow diagram highlighting that both plant engineering and down-stream lignin fractionation approaches can and need to be combined to isolate high purity lignin fractions with preferred structural characteristics for industrial utilization. Properties inherent in the lignin can be exploited for functional materials that include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, UV absorptive films, self-assembled nanoparticles, and melt processable lignin for 3D printing