Fig. 1

Effect of salt stress on the thermotolerance and high-temperature bioethanol production of P. kudriavzevii. A Biomass of P. kudriavzevii incubated in the liquid YEPD medium for 24 h at various temperatures (30–46 °C). Effect of salt stress (0–500 mmol/L NaCl) on the B biomass, C bioethanol production, and D glycerol production of P. kudriavzevii incubated at 45 °C. Data labelled with different letters are statistically different at p < 0.05 applying one-way ANOVA and the Tukey test. E Effect of salt stress on the cell morphology of P. kudriavzevii incubated at 45 °C using SEM