Table 1 Strains used in this work

W_ΔLFP

W ΔldhA ΔfrdAB ΔpflB-focA

[22]

W_ΔLFP-pL13

W_ΔLFP transformed with ethanologenic plasmid pL13^a

[22]

W117L

W_ΔLFP ldhA::P₁₁₇-adhB-pdc^a

This study

WluxL

W_ΔLFP ldhA::P_lux-adhB-pdc^a

This study

WluxF

W_ΔLFP frdAB::P_lux-adhB-pdc^a

This study

W105F

W_ΔLFP frdAB::P_J105-adhB-pdc^a

This study

W105Fe

W105F after adaptive evolution to improve ethanol tolerance

This study