Fig. 5

Overexpression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the mitochondria. A HFA1 overexpression in the 3-HP producing strains. mMCR1 HFA1, the strain mMCR1 with HFA1 overexpressed; NC1 HFA1, the strain NC1 with HFA1 overexpressed; NmC1 HFA1, the strain NmC1 with HFA1 overexpressed; NmC2 HFA1, the strain NmC2 with HFA1 overexpressed. B ACC1 and ACC1** overexpression in the stain NmC2. NmC2 pACC1_TEF1p, the strain NmC2 harboring pACC1_TEF1p; NmC2 pACC1_CYC1p, the strain NmC2 harboring pACC1_CYC1p; NmC2 pACC1**_TEF1p, the strain NmC2 harboring pACC1**_TEF1p. C Overexpression of ACC1** under the CUP1 promoter with and without Cu²⁺ induction. N3IP Cu2 + , the strain N3IP with 300 μM Cu²⁺ supplemented at 24 h; N3IP pACC1**_CUP1p, the strain N3IP harboring pACC1**_CUP1p; N3IP pACC1**_CUP1p Cu2 + , the strain N3IP pACC1**_CUP1p with 300 μM Cu²⁺ supplemented at 24 h. D Overexpression of ACC1 and ACC1** under the GAL1 promoter with galactose induction. NmC2 pUGG1 Gal, the strain NmC2 pUGG1 with 20 g/L galactose supplemented at 24 h; NmC2 pACC1_GAL1p Gal, the strain NmC2 harboring pACC1_GAL1p with 20 g/L galactose supplemented at 24 h; NmC2 pACC1**_GAL1p Gal, the strain NmC2 harboring pACC1**_GAL1p with 20 g/L galactose supplemented at 24 h; N3IP pUGG1 Gal, the strain N3IP harboring pUGG1 with 20 g/L galactose supplemented at 24 h; N3IP pACC1**_GAL1p Gal, the strain N3IP harboring pACC1**_GAL1p with 20 g/L galactose supplemented at 24 h. E Overexpression of ACC1** in the strain N3IP_1. N3IP_1, the strain N3IP with gal80 deletion; N3IP_2, the strain N3IP_1 harboring pACC1**_GAL1p_CEN. The cultivations were performed in biologically triplicate and error bars represent ± standard errors. Statistical analysis was performed using one-tailed Student’s t test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01)