Table 2 Overview of metabolic engineering for microbial ester production

S. cerevisiae

(ATF1)

Clostridium autoethanogenum

Ethyl acetate

0.3 mM

Using CO-based feedstocks for microbial ester production

[104]

Butyl acetate

4.5 mM

F. ananassa

(AAT)

S. cerevisiae

Ethyl crotonate

125.59 ± 2.04 mg/L

The expression cassettes with different strengths to regulate the expression of key genes

[91]

S. cerevisiae (ATF1)

E. coli

Neryl acetate

11.712 ± 0.653 mg/L

Overexpression of tHMG1 and supplementation with 2 g/L pyruvate

[105]

S. cerevisiae (ATF1)

E. coli

Isobutyl acetate

2.48 g/L

Removing byproduct pathways (Δldh, ΔpoxB, Δpta) and overexpressing AAT

[82]

S. cerevisiae (ATF1)

E. coli

Isoamyl acetate

0.78 g/L

Staphylococcus aureus

(CAT)

E. coli

Isoamyl acetate

8.8 g/L

A systematic modular design approach to control proteome reallocation for the selective microbial biosynthesis of branched-chain acetate esters via manipulation of substrate specificity and expression level of multiple pathway enzymes

[79]

S. cerevisiae (ATF1)

Pseudomonas putida KT2440

Hexyl acetate

160.5 mg/L

Overexpression of transporters

[106]

V. cerevisiae

(ATF1)

E. coli

Indole-3-ethanol acetate

550 ± 24.05 mg/L

Biosynthesis of indole-3-ethanol acetate directly from a renewable carbon source

[89]

S. cerevisiae (ATF2)

industrial yellow rice wine yeast strain

Ethyl acetate

137.79 mg/L

Overexpressing the alcohol acetyltransferase-encoding gene ATF2

[107]

Isoamyl acetate

26.68 mg/L

Isobutyl acetate

7.60 mg/L

Wickerhamomyces anomalus

(EAT1)

S. cerevisiae

Ethyl acetate

6.48 ± 0.32 g/L

A novel alcohol acetyltransferase family

[42]

S. cerevisiae (ATF1)

E. coli

Isobutyl acetate

17.2 g/L

Engineered E. coli has an ability to produce acetate ester, isobutyrate ester, butyrate ester

[7]

Tetradecyl acetate

137 mg/L

Strawberry

(AAT)

S. cerevisiae

Ethyl hexanoate

42.35 ± 1.75 mg/L

Optimizing the synthetic pathway of ethyl hexanoate

[108]

S. cerevisiae (ATF1)

E. coli

Farnesyl acetate

128 ± 10.5 mg/L

Biosynthesis of the advanced biofuel farnesyl acetate directly from glucose

[109]

Farnesyl acetate

201 ± 11.7 mg/L

Strawberry

(AAT)

S. cerevisiae

Ethyl butyrate

99.65 ± 7.32 mg/L

Introduced a butyryl-CoA synthesis pathway into S. cerevisiae

[110]

Kiwifruit

(AeAT9)

S. cerevisiae

Ethyl acetate

1.69 g/L

Impeded mitochondrial transport and utilization of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA to increase the ethyl acetate accumulation in the cytoplasm

[90]

Strawberry

(AAT)

Clostridium acetobutylicum

Butyl butyrate

40.60 mg/L

The one-step fermentation of butyl butyrate from glucose in the engineered C. acetobutylicum

[99]

Apple

(AAT)

50.07 mg/L

S. cerevisiae (ATF1)

E. coli

2-Phenylethyl acetate

687 mg/L

An economical process for the biosynthesis of 2-PEAc directly from glucose

[111]

S. cerevisiae (ATF1)

S. cerevisiae

Isobutyl acetate

260.2 mg/L

Increase the ester production by improving the mitochondrial pyruvate concentration towards branched-chain alcohol biosynthesis

[112]

3-Methyl-1-butyl acetate

296.1 mg/L

2-Methyl-1-butyl acetate

289.6 mg/L

Rosa hybrida

(AAT)

E. coli

Geranyl acetate

10.36 g/L

Biosynthesis of monoterpene esters

[113]

Strawberry

(AAT)

E. coli

Butyl acetate

0.64 g/L

Engineer modular microbial platforms for anaerobic production of butyryl-CoA-derived designed esters from renewable feedstocks

[84]

Butyl butyrate

0.45 g/L

Ethyl butyrate

0.41 g/L

S. cerevisiae (ATF1)

E. coli

Anisyl acetate

355 mg/L

An efficient artificial biosynthetic pathway from glucose to anisyl acetate

[114]

S. cerevisiae(ATF1)

E. coli

Butyl acetate

22.8 g/L

Optimization of AAT expression and redox balance with auto-inducible fermentative controlled gene expression

[115]

Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus

(WS2)

S. cerevisiae

Fatty acid ethyl ester

5 g/L

Push–pull-block strategy

[116]

S. cerevisiae (ATF1)

E. coli

Isoprenyl acetate

28 g/L

Harnessing the IPP-bypass MVA pathway

[117]

Strawberry

(AAT)

Clostridium tyrobutyricum

Butyl butyrate

62.59 g/L

Under mannitol with fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor, which is the highest butyl butyrate titer reported so far

[118]