Fig. 4
![Fig. 4](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13068-023-02405-0/MediaObjects/13068_2023_2405_Fig4_HTML.png)
Production of β-alanine by whole-cell catalysis. a Activity of MpADC at different reaction temperatures; b Activity of MpADC at different reaction pHs; c β-alanine production at different substrate concentrations; the maximum yield was defined as 100%. d Whole-cell catalysis to produce β-alanine with L-ASP concentration of 0–10 g/L (black squares), 10–60 g/L (red dots) or 60–110 g/L (blue triangles)