Table 1 Cultivation of microalgae by waste gas–waste water to fix CO₂ and remove nutrients

Chlorophyta

 Chlorella sp.;

Chlorococcum sp.

Industrial wastewater

1–10

187.65

94.68

100^b

98.8

85.8^c

[7]

 Chlorella vulgaris

Municipal wastewater

0.04–20

318

99 ^a

87.95

[8]

 Chlorella sp. UKM2

Palm oil mill effluent

10–25

120

80.9

–

[25]

 Chlorella vulgaris

Scenedesmus obliquus

Municipal wastewater

0.038–5

140.91

123.82

93.4

91.5

94.1

91.3

[26]

 Chlorella sp. L166

Soybean processing wastewater

0–10

28.6%

96.07

95.55

[27]

 Chlorella kessleri

Synthetic wastewater

0–10

83.88

99

88

[28]

 Chlorella sp. GD

Aquaculture wastewater

0.038–10

2333

90

99

[29]

 Chlorella vulgaris MBFJNU-1

Swine slurry

1–20

454

74

87

[30]

 Chlorella vulgaris

Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Scenedesmus obliquus

Scenedesmus dimorphu

Effluent from wastewater treatment plant

10

120

250

270

200

92.13–97.38

 > 80.43

[31]

 Chlorella vulgaris

Steel mill wastewater

10.9–11.3

13.52

77^a

61^c

[32]

 Chlorella vulgaris

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Simulated domestic effluent

0.038

471

264

99.0

100

67.6

51.3

[22]

 Chlorella vulgaris

Simulated municipal wastewater

10

170.98–220.92

 > 97.64

 > 97.64

[12]

 Scenedesmus obliquus

Secondary effluent

0.03–15

26.45 ± 1.51

97.8

95.6

[33]

 Scenedesmus obliquus U169

Tequila vinasses

0.038–25

910

75.96

-

[34]

 Tetradesmus obliquus

Secondary effluent

5–15

106.6–275.1

77.57–91.47

 > 98

[35]

Cyanophyta

 Spirulina platensis

Municipal wastewater

2.5–15

378

–

94.0

[18]

 Microcystis aeruginosa

Synechocystis salina

Simulated domestic effluent

0.038

384

384

100

100

37.9

41.1

[22]