Table 3 Cultivation of microalgae–bacteria consortium by waste gas–waste water to fix CO₂ and remove nutrients

Tetradesmus obliquus PF3 and bacteria in sewage

0.038% CO₂

10% CO₂

551 mg CO₂·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

93 ± 3

81 ± 1

99

95

90 ± 3

65 ± 2

1.8 g·L⁻¹

0.9 g·L⁻¹

–

[45]

Spongiochloris sp. and Hydrocabonoclastic

Petroleum wastewater

0.038% CO₂

2921

mg·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

–

–

97

1.5 ± 0.3 g·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

–

[43]

Microalgae (four strains) and aerobic activated sludge

Primary treated sewage

Flue gas (12% CO₂, 289 ppmv NO, 197 ppmv SO₂)

4.7–18.4 mg CO₂·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

–

–

–

0.153–0.181 g·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

87% for NO_x;

99% for SO₂

[44]

Chlorella vulgaris (FACHB-8) and

Endophytic bacteria S395-1 and S395-2

Biogas slurry

Biogas (62.17 ± 2.44% CH₄, 34.21 ± 1.29% CO₂, 0.54 ± 0.03% O₂, 3.07 ± 0.21% H₂O)

68.13% ± 1.69%

88.31 ± 4.19

88.21 ± 4.51

88.29 ± 5.03

50–250

μg·L⁻¹

–

[46]

Microalgae and algae and bacteria (including Scenedesmus spp., Cyanobacteria) isolated from wastewater

Wastewater

Air and CO₂ (99%)

–

 ~ 99

 ~ 99

–

94.3 ± 7.9 mg·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

–

[52]

Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Native bacterial microbial

Municipal wastewater and landfill leachate treatment

65.8 mg·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

–

–

–

1.58 g·L⁻¹

–

[53]

Chlorella PY-ZU1 and bacteria (from anaerobic digestion effluent)

Undiluted anaerobic digestion effluent of swine manure

15% v/v CO₂

–

73%^a

95%

79%

4.81 g·L⁻¹

601.2 mg·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

35.7–90.0% for Heavy metals

[54]

Chlorella vulgaris

Chlorella vulgaris and Ganoderma lucidum

Chlorella vulgaris and Activated sludge

Biogas slurry

Biogas (25.27%, 35.08%, 45.36%, 55.17% CO₂)

68.37

79.11

79.06

69.12

85.69

84.17

66.36

86.17

83.79

68.71

86.08

84.28

0.174

0.431

0.429

g·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

–

[55]

Chlorella sp. and

Cupriavidus necator

Culture medium (with phenol); 1% CO₂

–

–

–

–

0.45–0.50 g/L

100% for phenol

[56]

Spirulina platensis and H₂S-oxidizing bacterial consortium and Activated sludge

Mineral salt medium;

30% CO₂, 69.5–70% N₂, 0–5000 ppm_v

95%

–

–

–

1.2 g·L⁻¹

100% for H₂S

[57]

Chlorella sp. and aerobic sludge

Mineral salt medium;

Biogas

285 mg CO₂·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

–

–

–

–

 > 98% for H₂S

[48]

Tree bark consortium;

Eukaryotic;

Scenedesmus quadricauda

Aquaculture effluent: Biogas digestate = 90: 10

52.958%

87.227

100^b

12.292^c

1.46 g/L

–

[58]

40.497%

61.346

73.154^b

18.455^c

0.86 g/L

–

39.097%

78.693

75.391^b

− 14.889^c

0.86 g/L

–

Tree bark consortium;

Eukaryotic;

Scenedesmus quadricauda

Aquaculture effluent: Biogas digestate = 75: 25

90.714%

56.627

21.543^b

− 3.473^c

0.74 g/L

–

85.809%

83.205

54.126^b

− 8.980^c

0.29 g/L

–

89.504%

52.037

1.393^b

− 11.366^c

0.19 g/L

–

Tree bark consortium;

Lake water consortium;

Pre-adapted tree bark consortium

Aquaculture effluent: Biogas digestate = 95: 5

55.125%

91.287

100^b

− 6.076^c

1.10 g/L

–

46.293%

87.626

100^b

− 52.733^c

1.05 g/L

–

55.760%

90.574

100^b

− 26.791^c

1.15 g/L

–

Tree bark consortium;

Lake water consortium;

Pre-adapted tree bark consortium

Aquaculture effluent: Biogas digestate = 90: 10

80.446%

77.987

100^b

25.207^c

1.27 g/L

–

69.592%

72.122

100^b

2.766^c

1.02 g/L

–

83.588%

66.114

100^b

− 6.334^c

1.30 g/L

Tree bark consortium;

Lake water consortium;

Pre-adapted tree bark consortium

Aquaculture effluent: Biogas digestate = 80: 20

95.775%

33.928

40.401^b

− 1.340^c

0.86 g/L

92.653%

39.702

75.353^b

− 4.227^c

0.99 g/L

98.466%

27.637

68.861^b

− 20.032^c

1.16 g/L

Picochlorum sp. and

Halospirulina sp. and

Sulphur oxidizing bacteria

Mineral salt medium

Biogas (30% v/v CO₂, 0.5% v/v H₂S)

44.5–50.0%

N–NO₃⁻, 52 ~ 55

P–PO₄³⁻, 12 ~ 29

–

23–129 mg·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

99.5% for H₂S

[59]

Chlorella vulgaris–Ganoderma lucidum–endophytic bacteria (S395-2)

Scenedusmus obliquus–Pleurotus ostreatus–endophytic bacteria (S395-2)

Biogas slurry

Biogas

56.29–64.87%

54.79–62.37%

68.37–79.15;

67.08–75.36

74.58–83.65;

70.31–80.43

62.27–76.89;

60.27–72.57

0.085–0.163 g·L⁻¹·d-¹

0.079–0.149 g·L⁻¹·d⁻¹

–

[49]