Fig. 4

Synthesis of pinene from isoprenol by R. palustris mediated whole-cell biocatalysis. a Schematic diagram of IUP-coupled pinene synthesis from isoprenol. b Biotransformation of isoprenol into pinene under dark- and light-anaerobic conditions by strain PE1. c Time course of the pinene production from 20 mM isoprenol by strain PE1 using the pulse-feeding approach under light-anaerobic conditions. The triangles represent for the feeding points. d Biotransformation of 30 mM isoprenol into pinene by the engineered strains with reduced light shading using the pulse-feeding approach under light-anaerobic conditions. Strain PE1, PE2, and PE3 represent the base strain, YC5 and YC6 harboring the cascades ThiM-IPK-Idi-GPPSps, respectively. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. Data represent the mean and standard deviations. One asterisk indicates statistically significant results (p < 0.05) and three asterisks indicate p < 0.001