Table 1 Isolated lignin-degrading strains
From: Bacterial transformation of lignin: key enzymes and high-value products
Phylum | Genus | Bacteria | Lignin type | Concentration/time | Degradation evidence | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actinomycetes | Streptomyces | Streptomyces viridosporus T7A | Corn stalk lignocellulose | 5 g/L, 1344 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 36.20% | [16] |
lignin | 1.355 g/L, 1344 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 19.70% | ||||
Wheat straw biomass | –, 504 h | According to 13C CP-MAS NMR, the carbohydrate region and the aromatic region have relative fluctuations. Shift resonance between carbon and carboxyl groups, methoxy and carbon in etherification and/or non-etherification | [24] | |||
Softwood spruce lignocellulose | 0.25 g/mL, 2016 h | Extent of lignocellulose degradation: 18.80%; lignin loss 30.90% | [25] | |||
Hardwood maple lignocellulose | 0.25 g/mL, 2016 h | Extent of lignocellulose degradation: 23%; extent of lignin degradation: 19.30% | ||||
Grass lignocellulose | 0.25 g/mL, 2016 h | Extent of lignocellulose degradation: 56.70%; lignin loss of 44.20% | ||||
Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) | Grass lignocellulose | 3.5 g/L, 168 h | To produce the intermediate product APPL | [26] | ||
Lignin | 0.7 g/L, 168 h | |||||
Streptomyces sp. S6 | Kraft lignin | –, 144 h | Mw decreased by 55.30%; form aromatic products | [21] | ||
Rhodococcus | Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 | Fluorescently modified lignin from wheat straw, pine and miscanthus | –, 2 h | Strong fluorescent signal enhancement | [15] | |
Lignin made from nitrated wheat straw, pine and miscanthus | –, 2 h | Increased absorbance at 430 nm | ||||
Sulfate lignin | –, – | Form aromatic dicarboxylic acid products | [27] | |||
Alkali pretreatment of corn straw lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 25–30%; absorbance increased at 280 nm | [22] | |||
Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 VanA- | Straw lignin | –, 120 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 31.60% | [28] | ||
Rhodococcus erythropolis | Lignin made from nitrated wheat straw, pine and miscanthus | –, 20 min | Absorbance increases at 430 nm | [16] | ||
Rhodococcus opacus DSM 1069 | Organic solvent lignin | 0.3 w/v%, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 23% | [29] | ||
Ultrasonic lignin | 0.5 w/v%, 216 h | As the only carbon source for bacterial growth, lignin has loss | ||||
Rhodococcus opacus PD630 | Organic solvent lignin | 0.3 w/v%, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 36% | |||
Straw lignin | –, 120 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 21.20%; depolymerization forms aromatic hydrocarbons | [28] | |||
Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 | Soluble lignin | 0.43 g/L, 72 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 18.90%; the β-O-4 bond is broken | [30] | ||
Rhodococcus erythropolis U23A | Alkali pretreatment of lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 10–15%; absorbance increased at 280 nm | [22] | ||
Arthrobacter | Arthrobacter globiformis | Nitrated wheat lignin | –, 20 min | Increased absorbance at 430 nm | [16] | |
Arthrobacter sp. C2 | Sodium lignosulfonate | –, 164.88 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 40%; the Cα-Cβ bond is broken | |||
Alkaline lignin | 3 g/L, 216 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 65.50% | [18] | |||
Arthrobacter sp. AXJ-M1 | Lignin in black liquor | 1.5 g/L, 24 h | Extent of lignin degradation was increased by 30–70% | [32] | ||
Pyroactinomyces | Thermobifida fusca | Switchgrass | 20 g/L, 100 h | As the only carbon source for bacterial growth | [33] | |
Corn stalk | 20 g/L, 100 h | As the only carbon source for bacterial growth | ||||
Micrococcus | Micrococcus yunnanensis CL32 | Alkaline lignin | –, 72 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 39% | [17] | |
Acidomyces pseudoacidus | Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 | Soluble lignin | 0.43 g/L, 72 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 24.40%; the β-O-4 bond is broken | [30] | |
Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv2 | Softwood spruce lignocellulose | 0.25 g/mL, 2016 h | Extent of lignocellulose degradation: 20.80%; extent of lignin degradation: 34.10% | [16] | ||
Hardwood maple lignocellulose | 0.25 g/mL, 2016 h | Extent of lignocellulose degradation: 32%; extent of lignin degradation: 29.50% | ||||
Proteobacteria | Enterobacter | Enterobacter lignolyticus SCF1 | Sulfate lignin | –, 48 h | Cell density increased by more than 2 times; absorbance change at 280 nm; decreased lignin concentration | [14] |
Alkali pretreatment of corn straw lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 17% | [22] | |||
Enterobacter soil sp. nov | Sulfate lignin | 0.05%, 48 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 45% | [34] | ||
Enterobacter hormaechei KA3 | Corn straw lignin | –, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 32.05% | [35] | ||
Enterobacter BS0669 | Corn straw lignin | –, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 10–20% | |||
Enterobacter BS1957 | Corn straw lignin | –, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 20–30% | |||
Pseudomonas | Pseudomonas putida KT2440 | Alkali pretreatment of corn straw lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 25–30%; absorbance increased at 280 nm | [22] | |
Soluble lignin | 0.43 g/L, 72 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 23.40%; the β-O-4 bond is broken | [30] | |||
Alkaline lignin | 1.6 g/L, 48 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 30% | [36] | |||
Pseudomonas putida A514 | Alkali insoluble lignin | 1%(w/v), – | Grow as the only source of carbon | [37] | ||
Pseudomonas putida NX-1 | Sulfate lignin | 1 g/L, 168 h | Particle size decreases; absorbance change at 280 nm | [38] | ||
Pseudomonas putida mt-2 | Fluorescently modified lignin from wheat straw, pine and miscanthus | –, 2 h | Strong fluorescent signal enhancement | [15] | ||
Lignin made from nitrated wheat straw, pine and miscanthus | –, 2 h | Increased absorbance at 430 nm | ||||
Alkali pretreatment of corn straw lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 25–30%; absorbance increased at 280 nm | [22] | |||
Pseudomonas putida 33,015 | Nitrocellulose lignin | –, 20 min | Increased absorbance at 430 nm | [16] | ||
Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 | Alkali pretreatment of corn straw lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 15–20%; absorbance increased at 280 nm | [22] | ||
Pseudomonas sp. LD002 | Sulfate lignin | 0.5 g/L, 72 h | Lignin dye decolorization | [39] | ||
Pseudocitrobacter anthropi MP-4 | Alkali lignin | –, 168 h | In the FTIR spectrum, the aromatic framework vibration and C–H deformation vibration, there are aromatic compounds produced. Some characteristic peaks of lignin were found at 1218 cm−1. β-O-4 and Cβ disappear | [40] | ||
Pseudomonas putida A514 | Alkali lignin | 1%, – | Extent of lignin degradation: 27% | [41] | ||
Pseudomonas putida KT3-1 | Alkali pretreated lignin (APL) | 11.7 g/L, 72 h | p-Hydroxybenzoic acid accumulated 20.90% PHA, β-O-4 linkage and small molecule degradation | [42] | ||
Pseudomonas putida B6-2 | Alkali pretreated lignin (APL) | 11.7 g/L, 72 h | Extent of vanillic acid degradation: 25.40% (72 h); extent of ferulic acid degradation: 100% (48 h); the molar conversion extent of ferulic acid into vanillic acid was 57.20% | |||
Acinetobacter | Nocardia autotrophica | Nitrated pine lignin | –, 20 min | Absorbance increases at 430 nm | [16] | |
Acinetobacter PC/4 | Nitrated wheat lignin | –, 20 min | Absorbance increases at 430 nm | |||
Acinetobacter sp. ADP1 | Alkali pretreatment of lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 20–25%; absorbance increased at 280 nm | [22] | ||
Acinetobacter johnsonii LN2 | Alkaline lignin | –, 72 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 38.80% | [17] | ||
Acinetobacter lwoffii LN4 | Alkaline lignin | –,72 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 52% | |||
Cupriavidus | Cupriavidus necator H16 | Alkali pretreatment of corn straw lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 15%; absorbance increased at 280 nm | [22] | |
Cupriavidus basilensis B-8 | Sulfate lignin | 0.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 38% | [23] | ||
Klebsiella | Klebsiella pneumoniae NX-1 | Sulfate lignin | 1 g/L, 168 h | Particle size decreased and guaiacyl unit decreased. 280 nm absorbance increased; the degradation extent of aromatic compounds was 23.80% | [38] | |
Klebsiella pneumoniae B-11 | Sodium lignosulfonate | 1 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 11.10% | [13] | ||
Klebsiella variicola P1CD1 | Sulfate lignin | –, 96 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 30%, aromatic dye decolorization within 24 h; | [43] | ||
Ochrobactrum | Ochrobactrum tritici NX-1 | Sulfate lignin | 1 g/L, 168 h | Particle size decreased and guaiacyl unit decreased. 280 nm absorbance increased; degradation extent of aromatic compounds: 19.40%, | [38] | |
Ochrobactrum pseudintermedium B-04 | Sodium lignosulfonate | 1 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 4.86% | [13] | ||
Pandoraea | Pandoraea norimbergensis LD001 | Sulfate lignin | 0.5 g/L, 72 h | Lignin dye decolorization | [39] | |
Burkholderia | Burkholderia sp. H801 | Sulfate lignin | 1 g/L, 144 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 49.80% | [23] | |
Burkholderia cepacia B1-2 | Alkaline Pretreatment Solution (APL) | 11.7 g/L, 48 h | Ferulic acid and vanillic acid are completely consumed | [42] | ||
Burkholderia sp. H1 | Wheat straw lignin | 3.0%(w/v), 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 6.74% | [44] | ||
Lanorella | Raoultella ornithinolytica RS-1 | Corn straw lignin | –, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 19%; C=O tensile vibration of aromatic ring | [45] | |
Serratia | Serratia sp. AXJ- M | Lignin in black liquor | 1.5 g/L, 24 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 30% | [32] | |
Stenotrophomonas | Stenotrophomonas sp. S2 | Alkaline lignin | –, 72 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 50% | [46] | |
Firmicutes | Bacillus | Bacillus sp. LD003 | Sulfate lignin | 0.5 g/L, 72 h | Lignin dye decolorization | [39] |
Bacillus pumilus C6 | Sulfate lignin | –, 168 h | Mw decreased; GGE extent of lignin degradation: 35.10% | [47] | ||
Bacillus atrophaeus B7 | Sulfate lignin | –, 168 h | Mw decreased; the degradation extent of GGE was 27.50% | |||
Bacillus sp. ITRC-S8 | Sulfate lignin | 0.5 g/L, 144 h | Sample decolorization; Increased absorbance at 620 nm | [20] | ||
Bacillus ligninphilus | Alkaline lignin | 1 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 38.90%; extent of lignin degradation: 30%; form monomer aromatic compounds | [38] | ||
Bacillus subtilis | Alkali pretreatment of corn straw lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 5–10%; absorbance increased at 280 nm | [22] | ||
Bacillus megaterium | Alkali pretreatment of corn straw lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 5–10%; absorbance increased at 280 nm | |||
Bacillus altitudinis SL7 | Alkaline lignin | 3 g/L, 120 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 44%; lignin decolorization; alcohol-OH bond stretching of phenol | [48] | ||
Bacillus flexus | Sulfate lignin | 0.4 g/L, 216 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 20% | [23] | ||
Bacillus aryabhattai BY5 | Alkaline lignin | –, 72 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 53.50% | [17] | ||
Bacillus flexus RMWW II | Alkali lignin | 0.1 g/L, 216 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 97.10% | [49] | ||
Bacillus subtilis ACCC 11089 | Alkali lignin | 0.5 g/L, 360 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 17.30%; form aromatic compounds; the C4 ether and the Cα-Cβ bond are broken | [50] | ||
Hydroxylated lignin | 0.5 g/L, 360 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 11.40%; form aromatic compounds; the C4 ether and the Cα-Cβ bond are broken | ||||
BOC lignin | 0.5 g/L, 360 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 24.60%; form aromatic compounds; the C4 ether and the Cα-Cβ bond are broken | ||||
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SL-7 | Lignin in tobacco straw | 3 g/L, 360 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 28.55%; total carbon content goes down | [51] | ||
Bacillus sonorensis B-45 | Sodium lignosulfonate | 1 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 7.68% | [13] | ||
Bacillus sp. strain BL5 | Alkali lignin | 0.4%, 12 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 27.04%; –OH bond stretching between alcohol and phenol; form ethers, phenols and alcohols | [52] | ||
Bacillus cereus AH7-7 | Sulfate lignin | 1 g/L, 144 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 25.90% | [53] | ||
Bacillus aryabhattai | Kraft lignin | 0.5 g/L, 336 h | The degradation extent was 84%. Absorbance changes at 280 nm | [54] | ||
Bacillus cereus | Kraft lignin | 1 g/L, 72 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 89%; decolorization extent: 40% | [19] | ||
Bacillus subtilis TR-03 | Alkali lignin | 2 g/L, 36 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 26.72%; decolorization extent: 71.23%; 280 nm absorbance increased; aromatic skeleton spectrum band vibration | [55] | ||
Bacillus cereus TR-25 | Alkali lignin | 2 g/L, 36 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 23%; decolorization extent: > 50%; 280 nm absorbance increased; aromatic skeleton spectrum band vibration | |||
Bacillus subtilis S11Y | Alkaline lignin | –, 72 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 20% | [46] | ||
Bacillus velezensis TSB1 | Kraft lignin | 0.6 g/L, 144 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 40.39%; extent of lignin degradation: 56.16% | [56] | ||
Bacillus spinoides | Paenibacillus glucanolyticus SLM1 | Bioselective lignin | 0.2%, 400 h | Mw decreased; weight reduction | [57] | |
Paenibacillus glucanolyticus 5162 | Bioselective lignin | 0.2%, 400 h | Mw decreased; weight reduction | |||
Paenibacillus sp. | Alkali pretreatment solution | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 12% | [22] | ||
Clostridium | Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 | Populus lignin | –, – | The amount of β-O-4 chain reaction decreased; the S/G index increased | [58] | |
Bacillus geodesis | Geobacillus thermodenitrificans Y7 | Switchgrass lignin | 7.0 g/L, 120 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 17.21% | [44] | |
Acidobacter | Citrobacter | Citrobacter freundii | Alkali pretreatment of corn straw lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | The degradation extent is 5–10%; absorbance increased at 280 nm | [22] |
Thermophilic anaerobes | Caldicellulosiruptor bescii | Switchgrass | 0.5%, 240 h | Form monomer aromatic compounds | [59] | |
Azotobacter | Azotobacter vinelandii NRS 16 | Alkali pretreatment of lignin | 10.5 g/L, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 5–10% | [22] | |
Microbial Alliance LDC | Rice straw lignin | –, 168 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 31.18% | [60] | ||
AC-1 | Straw lignin | –, 360 h | Extent of lignin degradation: 20.12% | [61] |