Table 4 The laccase and other enzymes for lignin degradation

Laccase

Lac

ABTS^a,b

Acid precipitable polymerized lignin, production of vanillin

–

[26]

GGE

VGE

Ethanosolv lignin

Lac4

Guaiaco^a,b

Extent of lignin degradation: 38%; a large number of low molecular weight aromatic compounds were detected

WP_028724718.1

[96]

Lignin

SilA

Sinapic acid

Polymerization of lignin and lignans

–

[95]

Kraft lignin

Multi-copper oxidase (Laccase-like multicopper oxidase, LMCO)

CueO

ABTS^a,b

The production of vanillic acid

6EVG

[65]

GGE

Ca-lignosulfonate

CotA

Sinapic acid^a

–

NP_388511.1

[113]

Pp-CopA

Guaiacol^b

The new peak of electrospray mass spectrometry contains vanillic acid

Q88C03

[100]

Pf-CopA

GGE

Ca-lignosulfonate

Lignin peroxidase

LiP

2,4-DCP

Acid precipitation polymerized lignin is produced, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is oxidized

–

[114]

ALiP-P3

1,2-Diaryl propane

Break the Cα-Cβ bond of the β-O-4 model compound

–

[109]

Corn lignin^b

LiP

Veratryl alcohol

Veratryl alcohol was oxidized to veratraldehyde at 310 nm; strong absorption at A₂₈₀ nm leads to degradation of aromatic compounds

MF093751

[38]

Kraft lignin

β-aryletherase

LigD

GGE^a

Generates alpha-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-beta-hydroxypropiovanillone (MPHPV)

–

[115]

LigE

MPHPV^a

Production of guaiacol and α-glutathione beta-hydroxyprothiolone (GS-HPV)

–

[116]

LigF

Bacterial dioxygenase

LigAB

3-o-Methylgallate

Formation of 4-carboxyl-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-6-oxyhexa-2, 4-dioleate (CHMOD) and 2-pyranone-4, 6-dicarboxylate (PDC)

–

[105]

LigZ

DDVA

To form 5-carboxylvanillic acid and 4-carboxyl-hydroxypentaenoic acid

–

[107]

DesB

3-o-Methylgallic acid

The production of 4-oxalomesaconate

AB190989

[117]

DesZ

3-o-Methylgallic acid

The production of PDC

–

[117]

pcaHG

PCA

The production of β-carboxymuconate

–

[118]

C23O

Catechol

The production of 2-hydroxymuconic acid semialdehyde

–

[119]

BphC

Alkylated 2, 3-dihydroxybiphenyls (DHB)

The production of 6-phenyl HODA

–

[106]

AphC

Catechol

Meta-lysis products are generated

3LM4

[106]

LsdA

Lignostilbene^b

The intermediate lignostilbene was converted into vanillin

–

[120]

PcaA

PCA

The reaction products showed ketoenol tautomerism

–

[121]

Catalase-peroxidases

Amyco1

Miscanthus giganteus lignin

Phenolic lignin model compounds and produce acid-precipitated polymer lignin

–

[110]

Monocopper polyphenol oxidase

Tfu1114

2,6-DMP

Absorption is increased at A_280nm and aromatic substances are present

–

[111]

Alkaline lignin

Sugarcane bagasse

Manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase

MnSOD

Organosolv^a

The resulting product is formed by oxidative cleavage and o-demethylation of aryl-cα and Cα-Cβ bonds

2RCV

[112]

Kraft lignin

LPMO

LPMO-AOAA17

Guaiacol

The ultraviolet spectrum of guaiacol oxidation at 470 nm showed that brown oxidation products were formed. Formation of 3, 4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (veratraldehyde)

–

[122]

2,6-DMP

3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol

Vanillyl alcohol

GGE