Fig. 1

The effect of several phytohormones on the following characteristics of C. zofingiensis: cell number (A), dry weight (B), TFA content (C), TFA yield (D), astaxanthin content (E), and astaxanthin yield (F). C: control group; BR-L: 0.01 μM BR group; BR-H: 0.42 μM BR group; ABA-L: 38 μM ABA group; ABA-H: 90 μM ABA group; GA3-L: 10 μM GA3 group; GA3-H: 19 μM GA3 group; IAA-L: 45 μM IAA group; IAA-H: 90 μM IAA group; DA-6-L: 10 μM DA-6 group; DA-6-H: 100 μM DA-6 group; CK-L: 2.3 μM CK group; CK-H: 23 μM CK group; SA-L: 100 μM SA group; SA-H: 500 μM SA group. Each experiment was carried out using three biological replicates, and the results are shown as mean ± SD. The statistical significance of the data was evaluated using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA; * denotes significant difference from the control group (p ≤ 0.05); ** indicates significant difference from the control group (p ≤ 0.01); *** signifies significant difference from the control group (p ≤ 0.001); ****represents significant difference from the control group (p ≤ 0.0001)