Fig. 4

Dual synthetic pathway for enhanced vanillin synthesis in yeast. a Schematic of HmaS-mediated pathway for synthesizing vanillin. b Representative HPLC results of HmaS-mediated pathway for vanillin synthesis. Strains harboring plasmids with HmaS-OMT-HpaBC-HMO-BFD were used. c, The vanillin and PCA levels in strains harboring dual 3DSD and HmaS-mediated vanillin pathway. d Schematic of UbiC-PobA pathway for synthesizing vanillin. e Representative HPLC results of UbiC-PobA coupled with CAR-PPTase for PCAL synthesis. Strains harboring plasmids with UbiC-PobA-CAR-PPTase were used. f The vanillin and PCA levels in strains harboring dual 3DSD and UbiC-PobA vanillin pathway. Cells were grown in SC medium with 2% glucose, and samples were measured after 120 h of cultivation. All experiments were performed in triplicate and the data represent the mean value with standard deviation. Statistical analysis was carried out by using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test (***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001)