Fig. 1

Isolation and characterization of H. pluvialis extracellular vesicles (HpEVs). A Schematic representation of the method used to isolate and purify HpEVs from H. pluvialis cultivation media. B Characterization of the isolated HpEVs, successively were microscopic images of H. pluvialis cells during different growth stages (scale bar = 20 μm), the isolated HpEVs pellets, and transmission electron microscopy analysis of HpEVs (scale bar = 200 nm). Note that the HpEVs are of similar size and shape across all stages