Fig. 6

Effect of enhanced supply of precursors and cofactors on lipid and EPA accumulation. a Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences of ScACS, ScPDC, ScACC, and ScG6PD. b Schematic diagram of metabolic engineering workflow for improved eicosapentaenoic acid synthesis in Y. lipolytica through a “push–pull-promote” strategy. FAS fatty acid synthase, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, ACS acetyl-CoA synthetase, PDC pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase, G6PD glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6P glucose-6-phosphate, G3P glycerol-3-phosphate, GPAT glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, LPA lysophosphatidate, LPAAT lysophosphatidate acyltransferase, PA phosphatidate, PAP phosphatidic acid phosphatase, DG diacylglycerol, DGAT diacylglycerol acyltransferase, TG triacylglycerol, PEP phosphoenolpyruvate, 6PGL 6-phosphogluconolactonase. Effects of ScACS, ScPDC, ScACC, and ScG6PD on lipid, DCW, EPA titer (c), and PUFAs to SFAs content ratios (d) in yl-EPA-1 strain. Three biological replicates were used and mean values ± SD (n = 3) are shown. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 compared with the yl-EPA-1