A sustainable bioprocess to produce bacterial cellulose (BC) using waste streams from wine distilleries and the biodiesel industry: evaluation of BC for adsorption of phenolic compounds, dyes and metals

Table 1 Performance of K. rhaeticus on fermentation media containing various mixing ratios of WDE with tap water, supplemented with different glycerol concentrations and the effect of media sterilization method on the fermentation efficiency

WDE	Glycerol (g/L)	BC (g/L)	Productivity (g/L/d)	Carbon sources consumption (% w/w)				FAN consumption(% w/w)	WHC (w/w)¹
WDE (% v/v)				Glucose	Fructose	Glycerol	Total
Thermal sterilization
25	Crude, ≈20	3.7 ± 0.25^f	0.42 ± 0.04^e	70.0	6.3	91.5	87.9	71.8	86.2 ± 6.89^b
50	Crude, ≈20	5.1 ± 0.22^e	0.56 ± 0.03^d	72.0	5.0	93.4	83.8	78.4	84.3 ± 5.99^c
75	Crude, ≈20	6.6 ± 0.22^d	0.67 ± 0.04^c	82.0	25.0	92.9	81.7	72.2	89.5 ± 6.35^a
100	Crude, ≈20	8.1 ± 0.45^c	0.81 ± 0.06^b	82.4	14.7	98.9	85.5	83.1	82.6 ± 4.75^d
100	Crude, ≈30	9.0 ± 0.38^b	0.90 ± 0.05^a	58.3	33.3	95.2	81.5	84.3	60.1 ± 3.75^f
100	Crude, ≈45	4.0 ± 0.25^f	0.45 ± 0.02^e	31.4	10.0	65.1	57.6	76.2	87.1 ± 5.76^b
100	Pure, ≈30	9.8 ± 0.42^a	0.98 ± 0.06^a	47.3	35.8	84.5	72.6	87.3	56.6 ± 4.01^g
0	Crude, ≈30	5.1 ± 0.29^e	0.46 ± 0.03^e	–	–	57.6	57.6	52.1	68.4 ± 4.99^e
Filter sterilization
100	Crude, ≈30	6.6 ± 0.15^d	0.66 ± 0.02^c	100	17.2	60.4	57.4	72.7	86.0 ± 8.69^b

¹ g water/g dry BC; Different superscript letters within same individual columns indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05)

ISSN: 2731-3654