Table 1 Primary fossil fuel consumption for inputs throughout the production chain and for the products replaced by the products from the biorefinery

Input

Diesel

1.19 MJ/MJ

[23]

Acetic acid

53.3 MJ/kg

[24]

98% in water

Enzymes

72.5 MJ/kg product

Personal communication, Jesper Kløverpris, Novozymes A/S, 19 April 2016

Ammonia

41.7 MJ/kg

[24]

Hexane

60.9 MJ/kg

[24]

Methanol

37.4 MJ/kg

[24]

NaOH

42.8 MJ/kg

[24]

50% in water

H₃PO₄

23.5 MJ/kg

[24]

85% in water

Replaced products

Biodiesel replaces diesel

1.19 MJ/MJ

[23]

1 MJ biodiesel replaces 1 MJ diesel

Biogas replaces diesel

0.97 MJ/MJ

[23]

1 MJ biogas replaces 0.82 MJ diesel

Electricity replaces natural gas

1.88 MJ/MJ

[23]