Fig. 5

KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of differential metabolites between silage groups with and without L. brevis R33 inoculation. a Differential abundance scores of KEGG pathways between silage groups with and without L. brevis R33 inoculation. Pathway size corresponds to differential metabolite counts. Differential abundance scores: 1 signifies upregulated differential metabolites; -1 represents downregulated differential metabolites. b Abundance of specific amino acids in silage groups with and without L. brevis R33 inoculation. Columns and error bars denote mean value and standard deviation of biological replicates (Without R33, n = 30; With R33, n = 24), respectively. Different letters on top indicate significant differences (Tukey’s honestly significant difference test, P < 0.05)